Regular Article

Quantifying the performance gain of 100 cm² bifacial four terminal perovskite-Si tandem modules

¹ TNO Energy Transition, Westerduinweg 3, 1755 LE Petten, The Netherlands
² TNO Energy Transition, High Tech Campus 21, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
³ Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands

^* e-mail: petra.manshanden@tno.nl

Received: 28 June 2021
Received in final form: 4 February 2022
Accepted: 3 March 2022
Published online: 25 May 2022

Abstract

Improving the performance of solar modules requires the implementation of both spectral and directional irradiance optimization. The performance of bifacial four-terminal tandem minimodules with a 100 cm² area is reported, both indoor and outdoor measurements. We demonstrate a 24.5 mW/cm² (bifacial irradiance 200 W/m²) bifacial tandem power density, measured according to a tandem adapted IEC60904-1-2 protocol, which constitutes a 3 mW/cm² gain with respect to monofacial use. In addition, we show that in outdoor measurements bifacial four terminal tandems outperform identical monofacial four terminal tandems by 26% on average, depending on incident angle, injection level and temperature, in a 10% albedo environment. The average gain is higher for outdoor performance than for indoor performance, due to variations in relative rear irradiance.