(a) Active layer (front) absorptance for opaque and bifacial all-perovskite tandem solar cell devices. (b) Photogeneration rate profile of the all-perovskite tandem solar cell for opaque, semi-transparent and bifacial architectures (AM1.5g spectrum), normal incidence, rear irradiance of 300 W/m²). (c,d) Current-voltage characteristics of the bifacial APT device from TNO used for model calibration (no rear illumination), as well as the corresponding projection to opaque and bifacial (with rear illumination) variants, with non-radiative recombination and at the radiative limit. (e,f) Temperature dependence of the isothermal current-voltage characteristics for the semitransparent device under AM1.5g illumination as obtained from electro-thermal simulation using the fitted model and its radiative limit.