Modelling recycling for the life cycle assessment of perovskite/silicon tandem modules

Special Issue on ‘EU PVSEC 2023: State of the Art and Developments in Photovoltaics’, edited by Robert Kenny and João Serra

Open Access

Table B2

Avoided material from EoL treatment of 1 kg of perovskite/Si tandem modules.

Avoided material from EoL treatment of 1 kg of perovskite/Si tandem modules
Material	Value	Unit	Technosphere flows in ecoinvent				Comment
Material	Value	Unit					Comment
Product	Activity	Location	Database
Ag	2.6E-04	kg	Silver	Silver-gold mine operation with refinery	RoW	Ecoinvent 3.6 Cut_off	The value is calculated by the quantity of Ag in tandem and the recovery rate of 100% [38] (cf. Tabs. 2 and C1).
Al	7.6E-02	kg	Aluminium, cast alloy	Aluminium ingot, primary, to aluminium, cast alloy market	GLO	Ecoinvent 3.6 Cut_off	The value is calculated by the quantity of Al in tandem and recovery rate of 97% [38] (cf. Tabs. 2 and C1).
Cu (cables)	3.6E-03	kg	Copper	Copper production, primary	RER	Ecoinvent 3.6 Cut_off	The value is calculated by the quantity of Cu in cables and recovery rate of 100% [38] (cf. Tabs. 2 and C1).
Cu (inter-connection)	8.0E-04	kg	Copper	Copper production, primary	RER	Ecoinvent 3.6 Cut_off	The value is calculated by the quantity of Cu in interconnection and recovery rate of 76% [38] (cf. Tabs. 2 and C1).
Glass	7.9E-01	kg	Flat glass, uncoated	Flat glass production, uncoated	RER	Ecoinvent 3.6 Cut_off	The value is calculated by the quantity of glass in tandem and recovery rate of 93% [38] (cf. Tabs. 2 and C1).
Pb	1.2E-05	kg	Lead	Primary lead production from concentrate	GLO	Ecoinvent 3.6 Cut_off	The value is calculated by the quantity of lead in tandem and recovery rate of 99% [21] (cf. Tabs. 2 and C1).
Si (2N)*	2.5E-02	kg	Silicon, metallurgical grade	Silicon production, metallurgical grade	RoW	Ecoinvent 3.6 Cut_off	The value is calculated by the quantity of silicon in tandem and recovery rate of 98% [49,28,38,50] (cf. Tabs. 2 and C1).

^*According to the report from ROSI [38], the quality of recovered Si can reach a quality of 5N. However, the downstream value chain of recovered 5N-Si is still unclear. Due to the data availability, at this stage, the credits of 2N-Si was assumed in this study.

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