Table B1
LCI of the EoL treatment of perovskite/Si tandem modules.
| EoL treatment of 1 kg of perovskite/Si tandem modules | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Process block | Input/Output | Value | Unit | Input technosphere / biosphere flows in ecoinvent | Comment | |||
| Product | Activity | Location | Database | |||||
| Delamination | Electricity | 3.6E-02 | kWh | Electricity, medium voltage | Market for electricity, medium voltage | FR | Ecoinvent 3.6 Cut_off | Delamination based on the flashlight technology from FLAXRES [26] |
| Pyrolysis | Electricity | 7.9E-02 | kWh | Electricity, medium voltage | Market for electricity, medium voltage | FR | Ecoinvent 3.6 Cut_off | The inventory data of pyrolysis is from ROSI [38], including pyrolysis and the waste gas treatment. |
| Nitrogen | 6.2E-03 | kg | Nitrogen, liquid | Market for nitrogen, liquid | RER | Ecoinvent 3.6 Cut_off | ||
| Natural gas | 4.9E-03 | Nm3 | Natural gas, high pressure | Natural gas, high pressure, import from NL | FR | Ecoinvent 3.6 Cut_off | ||
| Air | 3.6E-01 | kg | ||||||
| NaOH | 1.9E-01 | kg | Sodium hydroxide, without water, in 50% solution state | Chlor-alkali electrolysis, membrane cell | RER | Ecoinvent 3.6 Cut_off | ||
| Ca(OH)2 | 1.3E-03 | kg | Market for lime | RER | Ecoinvent 3.6 Cut_off | |||
| SHJ section chemical treatment | KOH | 1.4E-01 | kg | Potassium hydroxide | Market for potassium hydroxide | GLO | Ecoinvent 3.6 Cut_off | The chemical treatment process from ROSI is based on p-type Si wafer [46]. The inventory of treatment for SHJ wafer was adjusted based on Sah (2022) [47] and Zhang (2021) [48] with the support of expert from IPVF. |
| H2SO4 | 1.5E-01 | kg | Sulfuric acid | Market for sulfuric acid | GLO | Ecoinvent 3.6 Cut_off | ||
| Deionised water | 5.0E-01 | kg | Water, deionised | Market for water, deionised | Europe without Switzerland | Ecoinvent 3.6 Cut_off | ||
| Perovskite section | HNO3 | 2.0E-04 | kg | Nitric acid, without water, in 50% solution state | Market for nitric acid, without water, in 50% solution state | RER | Ecoinvent 3.6 Cut_off | Chen (2021) [21] |
| DMF | 5.1E-03 | kg | N,N-dimethylformamide | Market for N,N-dimethylformamide | GLO | Ecoinvent 3.6 Cut_off | ||
| Resin | 1.6E-03 | kg | Cationic resin | Market for cationic resin | RoW | Ecoinvent 3.6 Cut_off | ||
| DCB | 3.2E-04 | kg | O-dichlorobenzene | Market for o-dichlorobenzene | RER | Ecoinvent 3.6 Cut_off | ||
| Second treatment | Ag refining | 2.6E-04 | kg | Silver | Treatment of precious metal from electronics scrap, in anode slime, precious metal extraction | SE | Ecoinvent 3.6 Cut_off | The value is calculated by the quantity of Ag in tandem and the recovery rate of 100% [38] (cf. Tabs. 2 and C1). |
| Al refining | 7.6E-02 | kg | Aluminium, cast alloy | Treatment of aluminium scrap, post-consumer, prepared for recycling, at refiner | RER | Ecoinvent 3.6 Cut_off | The value is calculated by the quantity of Al in tandem and recovery rate of 97% [38] (cf. Tabs. 2 and C1). | |
| Cu (cables) | 3.6E-03 | kg | Copper | Treatment of used cable | GLO | Ecoinvent 3.6 Cut_off | The value is calculated by the quantity of Cu in cables and recovery rate of 100% [38] (cf. Tabs. 2 and C1). | |
| Cu (interconnection) | 8.4E-04 | kg | Copper | Treatment of copper scrap by electrolytic refining | RER | Ecoinvent 3.6 Cut_off | The value is calculated by the quantity of Cu in interconnection and recovery rate of 76% [38] (cf. Tabs. 2 and C1). | |
| Glass remelting | 7.9E-01 | kg | Please refer to Table B3 | The value is calculated by the quantity of glass in tandem and recovery rate of 93% [38] (cf. Tabs. 2 and C1). | ||||
| Waste treatment | Waste plastic | –7.0E-03 | kg | Waste plastic, mixture | Market for waste plastic, mixture | FR | Ecoinvent 3.6 Cut_off | The value is calculated by the quantity of polymer in cables (cf. Tab. 2). |
| Waste water | –6.5E-01 | kg | Waste water, average | Treatment of wastewater, average, capacity 4.7E10l/year | CH | Ecoinvent 3.6 Cut_off | The sum of wastewater from pyrolysis [38] and chemical treatment [21] | |
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