Table 4
EoL modelling approaches used in this study.
| EoL approach | References | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| Simple Cut-off | Ekvall et al. (2020) [12] Environmental Product declarations (EPD) International 2017 [39] PSA 2050 (Recycled content method) [18] GHG Protocol (Recycled content method) [17] |
Simple cut-off was selected due to its widespread use and easy application in practice. |
| Cut-off with economic allocation | Ekvall et al. (2020) [12] Dutch Handbook on LCA [40] IEA-PVPS T12 (Cut-off approach) [14] |
Cut-off with economic allocation was selected due to recommendation by specific guidelines relating to PV and its easy application in practice. |
| Closed-loop allocation | ISO 14044:2006 [4], ISO 14067:2018 [13] Ekvall et al. (2020) (Allocation to material losses) [12], PSA 2050 (Closed-loop approximation) [18] GHG Protocol (Closed-loop approximation) [17] IEA-PVPS Task 12 (End-of-life approach) [14] |
Closed-loop allocation was selected due to its widespread use, easy application in practice and its market incentive. Usually, it provides incentive to promote EoL recycling. |
| 50/50 method | Nordic Guidelines on LCA [41] Ekvall et al. (2020) [12] |
50/50 method was selected, since it provides an intermediate solution via a simple way (50/50 allocation). |
| Open-loop allocation | ISO 14067:2018 [13] Ekvall et al. (2020) (Market price-based allocation) [12] |
Open-loop allocation referenced in ISO series was selected, since it can provide a way of allocation reflecting the specific characteristics of the material based on the market price. |
| Circular Footprint Formula | PEF [15] Ekvall et al. (2020) [12] |
CFF recommended in the PEF guide selected, since in this approach, elements are taken into account in a comprehensive manner. It is not so complex in practice due to the data availability of some allocation factors and quality degradation factors provided in the PEF. It provides a compromising solution between two market incentives and reflects the market features of specific material. |
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