Issue
EPJ Photovolt.
Volume 17, 2026
Special Issue on ‘EU PVSEC 2025: State of the Art and Developments in Photovoltaics', edited by Robert Kenny and Carlos del Cañizo
Article Number 20
Number of page(s) 15
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/epjpv/2026012
Published online 08 May 2026
  1. PV Magazine, Europe posts negative power prices for 2024 as renewables rise, PV Magazine (2025). https://www.pv-magazine.com [Google Scholar]
  2. BRIDGE Initiative, Battery energy storage systems to support the large-scale integration of renewable energy, bess case study (2025). https://bridge-smart-grid-storage-systems-digital-projects.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/case-studies/03_BESS_Case. Accessed: 2025-07-15 [Google Scholar]
  3. Solarplaza, Investment outlook for utility-scale pv & bess projects in the nordics (2024). https://www.solarplaza.com/resource/13086/webinar-investment-outlook-for-utility-scale-pv-bess-projects-in-the-nordics-2024/. Accessed: 2025-07-15 [Google Scholar]
  4. PV Magazine, Europe posts negative power prices for 2024 as renewables rise, PV Magazine (2025). Accessed: 2025-07-15 [Google Scholar]
  5. L. Hirth, The market value of variable renewables: The effect of solar and wind power variability on their relative price, Energy Econ. 38, 218 (2013) [Google Scholar]
  6. N. Navid, G. Rosenwald, Market solutions for managing ramp flexibility with high penetration of renewable resource, IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy 3, 784 (2012) [Google Scholar]
  7. P.D. Lund, J. Lindgren, J. Mikkola, J. Salpakari, Review of energy system flexibility measures to enable high levels of variable renewable electricity, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 45, 785 (2015) [Google Scholar]
  8. T. Brown, D. Schlachtberger, A. Kies, S. Schramm, M. Greiner, Synergies of sector coupling and transmission reinforcement in a cost-optimised, highly renewable european energy system, Energy 160, 720 (2018) [Google Scholar]
  9. G.T. Giannakopoulos, D.A. Papadaskalopoulos, M.D. Karasavvidis, P.N. Vovos, Profitability analysis of battery energy storage in energy and balancing markets: a case study in the greek market, Energies 18, 911 (2025) [Google Scholar]
  10. M.E. Ölmez, I. Ari, G. Tuzkaya, A comprehensive review of the impacts of energy storage on power markets, J. Energy Storage 91, 111935 (2024) [Google Scholar]
  11. G. Albright, J. Edie, S. Al-Hallaj, A comparison of lead acid to lithium-ion in stationary storage applications, AllCell Technologies LLC 5, 1 (2012) [Google Scholar]
  12. K. Mongird, V. Viswanathan, P. Balducci, J. Alam, V. Fotedar, V. Koritarov, B. Hadjerioua, An evaluation of energy storage cost and performance characteristics, Energies 13, 3307 (2020) [Google Scholar]
  13. K. Marnell, M. Obi, R. Bass, Transmission-scale battery energy storage systems: a systematic literature review, Energies 12, 4603 (2019) [Google Scholar]
  14. C. Zhao, P.B. Andersen, C. Træholt, S. Hashemi, Grid-connected battery energy storage system: a review on application and integration, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 182, 113400 (2023) [Google Scholar]
  15. Y. Shi, B. Xu, D. Wang, B. Zhang, Using battery storage for peak shaving and frequency regulation: Joint optimization for superlinear gains, IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 33, 2882 (2017) [Google Scholar]
  16. Q. Hassan, B. Pawela, A. Hasan, M. Jaszczur, Optimization of large-scale battery storage capacity in conjunction with photovoltaic systems for maximum self-sustainability, Energies 15, 3845 (2022) [Google Scholar]
  17. F. Conte, S. Massucco, G.-P. Schiapparelli, F. Silvestro, Day-ahead and intra-day planning of integrated bess-pv systems providing frequency regulation, IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy 11, 1797 (2019) [Google Scholar]
  18. M. Sandelic, A. Sangwongwanich, F. Blaabjerg, Reliability evaluation of pv systems with integrated battery energy storage systems: Dc-coupled and ac-coupled configurations, Electronics 8, 1059 (2019) [Google Scholar]
  19. J. He, Y. Yang, D. Vinnikov, Energy storage for 1500 v photovoltaic systems: a comparative reliability analysis of dc-and ac-coupling, Energies 13, 3355 (2020) [Google Scholar]
  20. F. Lo Franco, A. Morandi, P. Raboni, G. Grandi, Efficiency comparison of dc and ac coupling solutions for large-scale pv+ bess power plants, Energies 14, 4823 (2021) [Google Scholar]
  21. L. Zhou, Y. Zhang, X. Lin, C. Li, Z. Cai, P. Yang, Optimal sizing of pv and bess for a smart household considering different price mechanisms, IEEE Access 6, 41050 (2018) [Google Scholar]
  22. J. Atherton, J. Akroyd, F. Farazi, S. Mosbach, M.Q. Lim, M. Kraft, British wind farm ess attachments: curtailment reduction vs. price arbitrage, Energy Environ. Sci. 16, 4020 (2023) [Google Scholar]
  23. L. Semmelmann, S. Henni, C. Weinhardt, Profitability of stationary battery storage in day-ahead trading considering uncertainty, degradation, and the changing market environment, in Proceedings of the 13th Internationale Energiewirtschaftstagung (IEWT 2023) (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 2023) [Google Scholar]
  24. A. Gailani, T. Crosbie, M. Al-Greer, M. Short, N. Dawood, On the role of regulatory policy on the business case for energy storage in both eu and uk energy systems: barriers and enablers, Energies 13, 1080 (2020) [Google Scholar]
  25. Aurora Energy Research, Chronos for Batteries (2025). https://auroraer.com/software/chronos. Accessed July 21, 2025 [Google Scholar]
  26. EPEX SPOT, Day-Ahead Market Overview (2025). https://www.epexspot.com/en/basicspowermarket. Accessed December 15, 2025 [Google Scholar]
  27. D. Andreotti, M. Spiller, A. Scrocca, F. Bovera, G. Rancilio, Modeling and analysis of bess operations in electricity markets: prediction and strategies for day-ahead and continuous intra-day markets, Sustainability 16, 7940 (2024) [Google Scholar]
  28. M. Kremer, R. Kiesel, F. Paraschiv, An econometric model for intraday electricity trading, Philos. Trans. Royal Soc. A 379, 20190624 (2021) [Google Scholar]
  29. H. Martin, S. Otterson, German intraday electricity market analysis and modeling based on the limit order book, in 2018 15th international conference on the European energy market (EEM) (IEEE 2018), p.1 [Google Scholar]
  30. ENTSO-E, Frequency Containment Reserve (FCR) Cooperation – Market Design and Implementation (2025). https://www.entsoe.eu/network_codes/eb/fcr/. Accessed December 15, 2025 [Google Scholar]
  31. J. Badeda, J. Meyer, D.U. Sauer, Modeling the influence of installed battery energy storage systems on the german frequency containment reserve market, in NEIS 2017, Conference on Sustainable Energy Supply and Energy Storage Systems (VDE, 2017), p. 1 [Google Scholar]
  32. M. Hooimeijer, Economic performance of bess on the afrr, Master’s thesis, Utrecht University, 2025 [Google Scholar]
  33. UL Solutions, HOMER® Microgrid and Hybrid Power Modeling Software (2025). https://www.ul.com/software/ultrus/homer-microgrid-and-hybrid-power-modeling-software. Accessed March 14, 2025 [Google Scholar]
  34. Fractal EMS, Fractal Model Overview (2025). https://fractalems.com/fractal-model-overview/. Accessed March 14, 2025 [Google Scholar]
  35. R. Locquet, Unlocking bess revenues in europe’s key markets, PVTech Magazine, Published by Clean Horizon, (2025). Accessed via PVTech [Google Scholar]
  36. C. Horizon, Major Upgrade to Clean Horizon’s COSMOS Tool (2025). https://www.cleanhorizon.com/news/major-upgrade-to-clean-horizons-cosmos-tool/. Accessed July 21, 2025 [Google Scholar]
  37. M. Energy, What Does Modo Energy Do? (2025) https://help.modo.energy/en/articles/8347698-what-does-modo-energy-do-and-what-can-you-do-with-modo-energy. Accessed July 21, 2025 [Google Scholar]
  38. N.M. Alavijeh, R. Khezri, M. Mazidi, D. Steen, A.T. Le, Profit benchmarking and sdegradation analysis for revenue stacking of batteries in sweden’s day-ahead electricity and frequency containment reserve markets, Appl. Energy 381, 125151 (2025) [Google Scholar]
  39. J. Gonzalez-Saenz, V. Becerra, Optimal battery energy storage dispatch for the day-ahead electricity market, Batteries 10, 228 (2024) [Google Scholar]
  40. S. Tripathy, Q. Deng, D. Tylavsky, T. Stowers, R. Hess, Establishing the stacked value of battery energy storage in electric power systems, in 2018 North American Power Symposium (NAPS) (IEEE, 2018), p.1 [Google Scholar]
  41. S. Yamujala, A. Jain, R. Bhakar, J. Mathur, Multi-service based economic valuation of grid-connected battery energy storage systems, J. Energy Storage 52, 104657 (2022) [Google Scholar]
  42. D. Berrian, L. Johannes, Impact of large format solar panels on the balance of system costs of photovoltaic power plants, in 8th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion (Milan, September 2022), p. 1377 [Google Scholar]
  43. Regelleistung.net, Prequalification Conditions (PQ-Bedingungen) for FCR, aFRR, and mFRR (July 2024). https://www.regelleistung.net/en-us/Become-a-balancing-service-provider/Prequalification. Accessed December 15, 2025 [Google Scholar]
  44. A. Scrocca, F. Bovera, G. Rancilio, M. Delfanti, Exploring the true potential of battery revenues stacking in europe: a comparison of italian and german electricity spot markets, Available at SSRN 5027648 (2024) [Google Scholar]
  45. E. Vartiainen, G. Masson, C. Breyer, D. Moser, E.R. Medina, Impact of weighted average cost of capital, capital expenditure, and other parameters on future utility-scale pv levelised cost of electricity, Prog. Photovolt.: Res. Appl. 28, 439 (2020) [Google Scholar]

Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.

Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.

Initial download of the metrics may take a while.