Table 4
Average long-term soiling loss for PV operation without manual cleaning over 20 yr (2003–2023) for specific regions in Europe was estimated with both the original and the modified HSU soiling models for the calibration corresponding to the soiling type observed at Homa Bay during 2020. Ranges (max.–min.) are shown in brackets. The calibration results are also provided in the header.
| HSU original CT = 18.3 mm day−1, vd = 0.0007 m s−1 |
HSU modified a = 0.30, b = 0.08, vd = 0.007 m s−1, χ = 2.5% |
|
|---|---|---|
| Europea: average (%) (range, %) |
0.8 (1.9) |
4.5 (7.9) |
| Germany: average (%) (range, %) |
1.2 (1.4) |
5.9 (4.6) |
| Andalusia: average (%) (range, %) |
1.1 (1.0) |
5.8 (1.4) |
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