Maps of averaged soiling losses in Europe for PV operation without manual cleaning over 20 yr (2003–2023) using the original HSU model (a) and its modified version (b) with the corresponding parameters calibrated for the soiling type observed in Homa Bay during 2020 (see Tab. 4). The color bar limits are different for the two cases and, in the case of the modified model, also different from the map based on the Shinyanga calibration. Due to the different magnitude of the estimated soiling losses by each model, the color bar in panel (a) reaches up to 2%, whereas the color bar in panel (b) reaches up to 10%.