Maps of average soiling losses in Europe for PV operation without manual cleaning over 20 yr (2003–2023) using the original HSU model (a) and its modified version (b) with the corresponding parameters calibrated for the soiling type observed in Shinyanga during 2020 (see Tab. 3). The color bar limits are different for the two cases: Due to the different magnitude of the estimated soiling losses by each model, the color bar in panel (a) reaches up to 2%, whereas the color bar in panel (b) reaches up to 5%.