Integration of solar PV in a Norwegian energy system, navigating the trade-offs between land use and solar power production

Special Issue on ‘EU PVSEC 2025: State of the Art and Developments in Photovoltaics', edited by Robert Kenny and Carlos del Cañizo

Open Access

Table A1

Cost assumptions for different generation technologies.

Generation Technology	Investment ($/MW-year)	Fixed O&M ($/MW-year)	Variable O&M ($/MWh)	Technical Lifetime (years)
STHC	112140.36	1979.86	2.62	40
STLC	131474.90	2513.49	3.27	40
CCGT	41221.25	1546.76	2.52	30
CCGT CCS	116007.27	2706.84	3.14	40
Bio-energy	255602.68	4872.31	6.34	40
Nuclear	464029.07	8352.52	8.28	60
Wind onshore	73471.27	928.06	0.20	30
Wind offshore	140755.48	2242.81	0.43	30
Solar PV Utility	28692.46	734.71	0.00	30
Solar PV Residential	40370.53	858.45	0.00	30
Run-of-River	190933.06	9480.00	0.00	60
Hydropower	249043.13	29840.00	0.37	60
PHS	70952.46	1809	0.47	60
Battery: 4-h	88229.00	27491.00	0.00	15

Abbreviations: STHC: Steam Turbine Hard Coal; STLC: Steam Turbine Lignite Coal; CCGT: Combined Cycle Gas Turbine; CCS: Carbon Capture and Storage; Conv: Conventional; PHS: Pumped Hydro Storage.

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