Table 1
Applied descriptions of infrared patterns for the PV module defects of interest for this study.
| Defect | Pattern description |
|---|---|
| Cell | A PV module with a single clearly defined square cell appearing hotter than the surrounding cells. |
| Cell-Multi | A PV module with several distinct square cells randomly distributed over the module that are noticeably warmer than others. |
| Cracking | A PV module with distinct bright spots or lines indicating localized heat generation, potentially of irregular shapes. |
| Hot-Spot | A PV module with a single small point-like, localized, intense heating on one part of the module, with the surrounding region gradually transitioning back to a normal temperature. |
| Hot-Spot-Multi | A PV module with multiple hotspots spread across different areas of the module. Each hotspot appears much warmer than the surrounding areas. |
| Shadowing | A PV module with uneven heating patterns that appear random and non-uniform, with a gradual transition between cooler and warmer areas across the module. |
| Diode | A PV module with a single bypass diode failure, which has the pattern of a single row or column appearing warmer than the rest of the module. |
| Diode-Multi | A PV module with several large areas or strings of cells appearing warm. These inactive regions may span several adjacent rows or sections of the module. |
| Vegetation | A PV module with one or more areas, typically on the borders of the module, appearing cooler, with the surrounding areas appearing warmer. |
| Soiling | A PV module with a uniform cooling effect across the affected areas, typically on the borders of the module. |
| Offline-Module | A PV module with a uniform pattern across the entire module, with no noticeable hotspots or irregularities. |
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