Table 1
Overview of regulations in different grid codes.
| Country | Active power management | Ramp rate limit | Penalties |
|---|---|---|---|
| Australia | Required, except VRE [10, 11] | Western Power: ±max(10 MW/min, 15%/min) except VRE [12]; Horizon: ±15%/min including VRE [13] (low voltage: [14]) | “causer pays” for frequency control, factors recalculated every four weeks based on historical data [15,16] |
| China | Required, including forecasts [17] | ± 10%/min [17] | – |
| Denmark | Required [18] | ± 100 KW/s [18] | – |
| Ethopia | Required [19] | –10%/min [19] | – |
| Germany | Required [20, 21] | 0.33 %/s < r < 0.66%/s (after recieving instruction) [20] | – |
| Hawaii | – | ±2 MW/min, ±1MW/s [22] | – |
| India | Required [23] | ±10%/min [23] | – |
| Ireland | Required [24] | +30MW/min 22 | – |
| Malaysia | Required [25] | ±15%/min [26] | – |
| Puerto Rico | Required [22,27] | ±10%/min [22,27] | Curtailment depending on compliance rate on a weekly basis [28] |
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