Regular Article

ALD-ZnMgO and absorber surface modifications to substitute CdS buffer layers in co-evaporated CIGSe solar cells

Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 129, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland

^* e-mail: ramis.hertwig@empa.ch

Received: 15 July 2020
Received in final form: 24 September 2020
Accepted: 8 December 2020
Published online: 25 January 2021

Abstract

High efficiency chalcopyrite thin film solar cells generally use chemical bath deposited CdS as buffer layer. The transition to Cd-free buffer layers, ideally by dry deposition methods is required to decrease Cd waste, enable all vacuum processing and circumvent optical parasitic absorption losses. In this study, Zn_1−xMg_xO thin films were deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) as buffer layers on co-evaporated Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ (CIGS) absorbers. A specific composition range was identified for a suitable conduction band alignment with the absorber surface. We elucidate the critical role of the CIGS surface preparation prior to the dry ALD process. Wet chemical surface treatments with potassium cyanide, ammonium hydroxide and thiourea prior to buffer layer deposition improved the device performances. Additional in-situ surface reducing treatments conducted immediately prior to Zn_1−xMg_xO deposition improved device performance and reproducibility. Devices were characterised by (temperature dependant) current-voltage and quantum efficiency measurements with and without light soaking treatment. The highest efficiency was measured to be 18%.