Fig. 1

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A diagrammatic relationship between the Circular Economy R-actions, PV module design aspects, and the 13 scenarios explored in this study. Efficiency aligns with a Reduce action, Lifetime with Reduce and Reuse actions, and Material Circularity with Remanufacture and Recycle. These three design aspects are explored at respective theoretical limits in the Extreme Scenarios (e.g.; 99% remanufacture and recycling). Then, combinations of two design aspects are explored in the Ambitious scenarios, where scenario colors are the combination of the two design aspects. Finally, these Extreme and Ambitious scenarios are compared to a set of Baseline scenarios, which blend modest improvements all three design aspects and are based on currently available technologies. The small bars represent the blending of design aspect in each baseline scenario relative to the PV ICE baseline. The details of these scenarios are elaborated upon in Figures 2 and 3.

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