Table 2
Overview of standards regulating effluent discharges.
| Standard | Discharge type | Nitrogen (mg/l) | Fluoride (mg/l) |
|---|---|---|---|
| EU Best Available Techniques for waste treatment | Direct | 10 − 60 | 0.2 − 1 |
| German Drinking Water Directive | Direct | 11 | 1.5 |
| EHS Guidelines for Semiconductors & Other Electronics Manufacturing | Direct | n/a | 5 |
| Chinese National Standards | Indirect | 45 | 20 |
| Chinese standard for PV (GB 30484–2013) |
Indirect | 40 | 8 |
| Jiangsu Prov. Ordinance of Tai Lake Water Pollution Prevention & Treatment | Indirect | <15 | <5 |
| EPEAT Ecolabel for PV (NSF/ANSI 457) | –Inventory of water use and wastewater effluent* –Documentation of wastewater quality (min. COD, BOD, TSS, heavy metals, pH) |
||
| Cradle-to-Cradle | –No violation of discharge permits* –Optimization of process chemicals in effluent –Drinking water quality standards for all water leaving the facility |
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